Hard Times Research Articles

Effect of Welding Time Variation in Resistance Spot Welding on Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Joints on Mild Steel and AISI 304 Stainless Steel

Resistance spot welding plays an important role in the automotive industry for working on car bodies or frames. Welding with two different steel materials is used in automotive structures. However, the low strength of the joints of different steel materials is a major problem, limiting the scope of its application. The quality of the welding connection Resistance spot welding is influenced by several factors, namely, time, welding current, and electrode pressure applied during welding and post-welding treatment. In this research, mild steel plate with AISI 304 stainless steel is welded by Resistance spot welding with different variations of welding time, material hardness and tensile testing that will be investigated. The results showed that the highest Rockwell Hardness time was obtained at a welding time variation of 8 seconds with a current of 6000 Ampere was 112.2 so the higher the welding time, the higher the hardness obtained. welding 8 seconds with a welding current of 6000 Ampere obtained a maximum tensile strength of 20.4 kgf/mm2 so the greater the welding current, the tensile strength will increase.

The effect of curing temperature on hardening, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of adhesive for retard‐bonded prestressed tendon

AbstractThe effect of curing temperature on hardening, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of adhesive for retard‐bonded prestressed systems is investigated in detail. To evaluate the degree of hardening of the adhesive, the cone penetration and Shore hardness of two samples are tested throughout the curing process under conditions of 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65°C. The thermal performance and curing reaction are characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The mechanical properties with respect to the cure temperatures are characterized by compression strength tests. Experimental results present that after curing under conditions ranging from 25 to 65°C, the hardness of the samples reached its maximum values (85–90 D). As the temperature increased from 25 to 65°C, there was a greater degree of curing cross‐linking, resulting in an increase in compressive strength from 55 to 72 MPa. Based on Shore hardness–time experimental data, a logarithmic model is proposed for predicting the hardness of adhesives at any given time for engineering applications. Additionally, the time–temperature superposition principle is utilized to extrapolate the curing time of the adhesive under low‐temperature conditions. The research findings are of significant importance for the assessment of adhesive hardening.

Investigating the Presence of Falsified and Poor-Quality Fixed-Dose Combination Artemether-Lumefantrine Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms in Kumasi, Ghana.

Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) is a highly effective and commonly used Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) for treating uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, including drug-resistant strains. However, ineffective regulatory systems in resource-limited settings can lead to the infiltration of poor-quality and counterfeit antimalarial medicines into the pharmaceutical supply chain, causing treatment failures, prolonged illness, and disease progression. The objective of the study was to assess the quality of selected brands of fixed-dose combination (FDC) AL tablets and suspensions marketed in Kumasi, Ghana. A total of fourteen brands of FDC AL medicines, comprising eight tablets and six suspensions were purchased from various retail pharmacy outlets in Kumasi, Ghana. All samples were subjected to thorough visual inspection as a quick means of checking quality through meticulous observation of the packaging or dosage form. The quality parameters of the tablets were determined using uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, and disintegration tests. Suspensions were assessed based on pH and compared with the British Pharmacopeia (BP) standard. The samples were then analyzed for drug content (assay) using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). All the tablet samples conformed to BP specification limits for uniformity of weight (deviation of less than ± 5%), hardness (4.0-10 kg/mm2), friability (<1%), and disintegration time (<15 minutes). The active pharmaceutical ingredients' quantitative assay demonstrated that all the tablets met the BP specifications (90-110%). The results of the pH studies showed that out of the six brands of suspension investigated, five (83.3%) were compliant with the official specification for pH, while one (16.7%) failed the requirement. Unlike the tablet brands, drug content analysis of the six suspensions showed that two (33.3%) were substandard. The artemether and lumefantrine contents in these failed suspensions were variable (artemether: 81.31%-116.76%; lumefantrine: 80.35%-99.71%). The study results indicate that most of the tested products met the required quality standards, demonstrating satisfactory drug content and other quality specifications. The presence of substandard drugs underscores the necessity for robust pharmacovigilance and surveillance systems to eliminate counterfeit and substandard drugs from the Ghanaian market.

Evaluation of Quality and Antibacterial Activity of Four Brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets Marketed in Libya

Ciprofloxacin is one of fluoroquinolones antibiotics used in treatment for infections of the urinary tract, skin and soft-tissues, and lower respiratory tract. There are many brands of ciprofloxacin tablets available in pharmacies of Albaiyda city and the aim of this study was to evaluate quality of four available brands of ciprofloxacin tablets by quality control parameters and to test their antibacterial activity. Four leading brands of ciprofloxacin tablet each with a label claim 500 mg were purchased from the various retail pharmacies of Albaiyda city and evaluated by in vitro quality control tests for tablet according to pharmacopeia (BP/ USP) that include evaluation of uniformity of weight and weight variation, friability, hardness, and disintegration time. The second evaluation was the antibacterial activity of the four brands against Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli by well diffusion susceptibility method. Weight variation for four brands of ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.507% to ,0.753%, the highest variation was found in Brand A, and the lowest weight variation was observed in Brand B and all brands comply with specification. Friability of all brands was below 1% which means that all brands have passed the test and met the specification, and the brand which most likely to be friable between brands is Brand B (0.64%) and the least likely to be friable is Brand C (0 %). The results indicated that all brands of ciprofloxacin tablets were not in the limit of hardness test and the highest hardness value was for Brand C (276 N), and the lowest hardness value was for Brand A (114.2 N). Disintegration time for four brands was under 5 minutes and all brands were complied with the both BP and USP specifications. larger zone of inhibition (ZI) for ciprofloxacin brands against Klebsiella pneumonia was found in Brand C (26.19mm) indicating that it has the highest activity and larger ZI for ciprofloxacin brands against Staphylococcus aureus was found in Brand D (40.40mm) and larger ZI for ciprofloxacin brands against Escherichia coli was also found in Brand D (21.21mm) indicating that it has the highest activity against both types of bacteria. From this study it was demonstrated that all four brands of ciprofloxacin tablet marketed in Libya comply with BP and USP specification for quality control test of uniformity of weight and weight variation, friability, and disintegration time, except that in hardness test in the four brands were found out the limit but this test is non compendial test and all the brands have similar antibacterial effect except Brand C which has slightly better microbiological activity against Klebsiella pneumonia and Brand D which is more effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

Utilization and Evaluation of Rice Bran and Rice Bran Wax as a Tablet Lubricant.

The rice bran and rice bran wax of the KJ CMU107 rice strain were investigated as potential tablet lubricants in a directly compressed tablet formulation. Stabilized full-fatted rice bran (sFFRB), stabilized defatted rice bran (sDFRB), and rice bran wax (RBW) extracted and purified from crude rice bran oil (cRBO) were tested. Two commercial lubricants, including magnesium stearate (MGS) and hydrogenated cottonseed oil (HVO), were employed as the standards in the formulated mixtures, which contained spray-dried rice starch (SDRS) as a diluent. The tableting was carried out for each formulation, and the obtained tablets were physically and mechanically evaluated. Among the parameters investigated were the general appearance, ejection force, weight variation, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The powder flow was also determined for each formulation. The results showed that the tablet ejection forces for all the lubricated formulations (58-259 N) were significantly lower than that of the non-lubricated control formulation (349 N). The use of sFFRB as a lubricant at 0.5-2.0% w/w could lower the ejection force up to 78%, but the hardness reduced so drastically that the formulations failed the friability test due to the chipping of the tablets' edges. Moreover, sDFRB performed significantly better as the use at 0.5-1.0% w/w in the formulation helped to lower the ejection forces by up to 80% while maintaining the changes in the tablet hardness within 10%. RBW functioned effectively as a tablet lubricant at a concentration of 0.5% w/w, yielding tablets with good strength comparable to standard HVO lubricant while helping to reduce the ejection force by 82%. In formulations with good lubrication, i.e., friability < 1%, the powder flow was improved, and the tablet disintegration times were within the same range as the control and HVO formulations. In conclusion, sDFRB displayed a lubricant property at concentrations between 0.5 and 1.0% w/w, with slightly negative effects on the tablet hardness. RBW from KJ CMU107 rice was an effective tablet lubricant at 0.5% w/w, with no effect on tablet hardness. Both materials can be further developed for use as commercial lubricants in direct compression.

3D Screen Printing Offers Unprecedented Anticounterfeiting Strategies for Oral Solid Dosage Forms Feasible for Large Scale Production.

A threat to human health in developed and, in particular, in developing countries, counterfeit medicines represent the largest identified fraud market worldwide. 3D screen printing (3DSP), an additive manufacturing technology that enables large-scale production, offers unique opportunities to combat counterfeit drugs. One such possibility is the generation of oral dosage forms with a distinct colored inner structure that becomes visible upon breakage and cannot be copied with conventional manufacturing methods. To illustrate this, we designed tablets containing a blue cross. Owing to paste properties and the limited dimensions of the cross, the production process was chosen to be continuous, involving two screen and paste changes. The two pastes (tablet body, cross) were identical except for the blue color of the latter. This ensured the build-up and mechanical stability of the resulting tablets in a mass production environment. The ensuing tablets were found to be uniform in weight and size and to comply with regulatory requirements for hardness, friability, and disintegration time (immediate release). Moreover, all tablets exhibited the covert anticounterfeit feature. The study delivers a proof-of-concept for incorporating complex structures into tablets using 3DSP and showcases the power of the technology offering new avenues for combating counterfeit drugs.

Controlled Childhood and the Moulding of the Children's Characters; Critical Analysis of Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Hard Times, and Great Expectations

This study reads Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Hard Times, and Great Expectations as "condition of England novels" by applying realism and naturalism theories, which focus on "parole". The term referred to by Ferdinand de Saussure in language acquisition to mean "performance". This paper addresses how Charles Dickens uses the term "parole" to refer to children's performance under social influences. Through his works, Dickens shows that the environment plays an elementary role in building children's characters as they grasp knowledge from their surroundings. They interact with the social environment, which fosters or hinders their development. Childhood is a crucial stage in the development of societies. Through the portrayal of children in Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Hard Times, and Great Expectations, Dickens highlights the ordeals and suffering of children in the nineteenth century and shows the plight of the Industrial Revolution as it damaged the essential block of Victorian society. Accordingly, schools, factories, streets, workhouses, teachers, masters, and parents all of these take part in the formation of the child’s character. Children during that time faced different types of social pressures that affected their characters and future lives. This study investigates Dickens’ embedded message, showing how childhood is not only a stage of playing but is also important and influential in the performance and shaping of the child’s character.

A Wisdom of the Head and a Wisdom of the Heart: Dickens, Disney, and Popular Culture

Abstract: Only by recognizing that Dickens’s novels not only teach us a great deal about Victorian England, but also about our lives in the here and now, can we remain vibrantly one of Dickens’s “publics.” We must transcend the usual “wisdom of the head,” the traditional academic study of his novels, and connect with the “wisdom of the heart” as well, the meaningful student-centred ways that his texts resonate in actual everyday lives – pedagogical advice that Dickens himself famously proffered in Hard Times . In my recent course, “Dickens, Disney, and Popular Culture,” my students and I did just that, discovering both Dickens, and his continuing influence on our lives, together during a memorable semester.

A computational intelligent analysis of autism spectrum disorder using machine learning techniques

&lt;p&gt;Children between the ages of 12 and 24 months who have autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience abnormalities in the brain that result in undesirable symptoms. Children with ASD struggle to comprehend what others are trying to say and or feel, and they experience extreme anxiety in social situations. Additionally, they have a hard time making friends and even living independently. The defective genes, which control the brain and govern how brain cells communicate with one another, are the primary cause of ASD because they alter brain function. Our primary goal is to assist therapists and parents of children with ASD in using current technologies, such as human intelligence and artificial intelligence, to treat ASD and assist those youngsters in obtaining better social interaction and societal integration. For the purpose of doing an early analysis of ASD, the data is divided into the following three categories: age, gender, and jaundice symptoms. The performance of machine learning algorithms can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as the size of the dataset and quality of the dataset, the choice of features, and the tuning of hyper-parameters. In this work, the support vector machine (SVM) yields 96% as the highest classification accuracy.&lt;/p&gt;

CONTRIBUTION TO PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS MODELING DURING DRY HARD TURNING OF COLD WORK TOOL STEEL AISI D2

Quality of products is a major concern for hard machining industry aspects. However, the prediction of surface roughness in the function of the machining parameters is a targeted objective by the majority of researchers due to important industrial interest. This work is a contribution for developing comprehensive analyses of surface roughness models during dry hard turning of cold work steel AISI D2. It is focused on the treatment of predicted surface roughness values in correlation with cutting conditions such as cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut), tools material, tool geometry, workpieces hardness, and machining times in order to establish of orientations for use which applied successfully in the industry from optimal selection of process variables. The approach consists in first conducting a literature survey through collecting and validating surface roughness models together with the corresponding material and also the cutting conditions. Then, results have been tabulated as to permit data mining treatment under data processing software which was developed. As a significant result, a strategic dashboard generating roughness data mining was made available to researchers and industrials. The optimums of parameters which condition the achievement of best machined surface qualities have been selected.

Exploring the role of Mathematics teachers in Secondary-level education in Nepal: A case study analysis on Geometric study within Bagamati province in Nepal

Geometry is one of the major topics of Mathematic education requires hard work and practice to get the desired result in the Nepalese context. This study aims to find out the role of teachers in Geometry teaching at the secondary level within the Government schools of Ramechhap, Sindhupalchok and Chitwan districts respectively. A cross-sectional study was designed to find out the findings of the study. The study was conducted in March 2023 applying various research tools of Questionnaires, FGD, and KII questionnaires. The result shows a trend of education within the Government system is following the national curriculum, and teachers are well aware of the education system trained, educated and holding positions after completing competitive ways that also prove the competent ability of teachers. The teachers are playing a vital role in rural-urban schools in the study area, paying hard times and ongoing providing efforts. However, various social and economic issues are associated with Geometry education, lack of funding and human resources and priorities to mathematics are minimal. Teachers’ skills and efforts are remarkable, additional classes and time-to-time tests are ongoing. The study further concluded mathematics education is no-doubt a challenge in government schools and limited access on human resources among schools with lack of financial support and material-access found limited and insufficient in the present context. Investment on teaching practices with instrumental support and multi sectoral efforts is advised.

Paradigms of people management: Human resource strategies during an economic downturn

&lt;p&gt;Since the Industrial Revolution, there has been an evolution in the paradigms under which the industrial worker is perceived and dealt with. These paradigms can be briefly listed in the order of their evolutionary stage as: the food-gatherer, the economic man, the social man, the resourceful man, and the enterprising man. Each of them is a combination of two basic paradigms in different proportions, namely, the outsider paradigm and the partnership paradigm. Obviously, the paradigmatic perspectives of management about their workers will have a significant influence on how they treat their workers, which may become especially conspicuous during recessions and other kinds of hard times. It was in this context that we designed a study to understand the human resource strategies of companies during a period of recession. Data for this study was collected through the content analysis of 46 published cases, wherein we developed the ratings of two sets of variables, namely: the external and internal environments of the company and the strategic actions taken by the respective managements. A surprising finding of the study is that the correlations between the environmental factors and the strategy factors were small and non-significant; moreover, the correlations involving the external environment were smaller than those involving the internal environment. Hence, it may be inferred that strategic actions are influenced primarily by the paradigmatic perspectives of management rather than environmental factors. In order to identify the different types of paradigmatic perspectives, we have further carried out a cluster analysis to develop a taxonomy of paradigms. The results showed that there are five sub-paradigms, which are: (1) Pacifiers, constituting 35% of the sample; (2) Modifiers, constituting 22%; (3) Molders, constituting 17%; (4) Enhancers, constituting 15%; and (5) Exploiters, constituting 11%. The limitations of the study and the implications of the findings are discussed in the concluding part.&lt;/p&gt;

Optimizing the maintenance threshold in presence of shocks: A numerical framework for systems with non-monotonic degradation

Shocks have attracted considerable interest in reliability and maintenance engineering because of their impact on vulnerable systems. Most industrial systems suffer from both internal degradation caused by fatigue and wear-out, and external shocks that often occur randomly due to harsh weather conditions, overloading, etc. Developing maintenance optimization models without taking these stochastic shocks into account is often ineffective. This paper develops a model to optimize the maintenance alarm threshold for a single-component continuously monitored system which is exposed to both fatal and non-fatal shocks in the presence of lead time for hard time maintenance. The shocks occur randomly according to a homogeneous Poisson process during the whole degradation process and have a stochastic impact on the degradation level, while the system resistance to shocks decreases as the system approaches failure. We propose a new numerical maintenance optimization model to find the solution without Monte-Carlo simulation and the model is compared to the Wiener process. A numerical example and a real-time experimental case study on roller bearings are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model. The results show that the model is capable of improving maintenance decision-making in terms of failure probability and risk perspective.

Experimental investigation on the wear characteristics of TiC-Co composite coating deposited on AZ91D Mg alloy substrate by plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding process

Abstract In this investigation, a plasma transferred arc (PTA) cladding process was employed to deposit TiC-Co composite coatings on substrate of AZ91D magnesium (Mg) alloy. The morphology and phases of the recently produced composite coatings were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The microhardness and wear rate were evaluated by Vickers microhardness tester and pin-on-disc wear and friction test apparatus at the room temperature respectively. The results demonstrate that dense, uniform, and crack free coatings, with good metallurgical bonding to the AZ91D Mg alloy substrate were formed. The most of the phases present in composite coatings were TiC, Mg, CoTi, α-Co, AlCo, Al3Ti, and Co3C. The maximum average micro-hardness of TiC-Co composite coating was found to be about 1743 HV, which depends on the PTA currents. Whereas, average micro-hardness of the AZ91D Mg alloy substrate was 65 HV. This indicates that the coated layer produced increase in hardness about 27 times of substrate hardness. The cladding layer exhibited a wear rate of 4.94×10-8 g/N-m, whereas the wear rate of the AZ91D Mg alloy substrate was 58×10-8 g/N-m. This indicates that the wear resistance of cladding layer was 12 times higher as compared to AZ91D Mg alloy substrate. The enhanced micro-hardness and wear resistance of TiC-Co composite coating can be attributed due to the formation of ceramic and intermetallic compounds, unveiling its superiority over the AZ91D substrate.

Effective and Pleasant Leadership of the Principal

This article aims to analyse and describe matters related to the principal’s leadership pattern that is effective and pleasing to all stakeholders in the Education Unit Institution. The effectiveness of a leader is the main key to achieving the school’s vision and mission. But the headmaster as a leader sometimes has to have a hard time pleasing everyone. What kind of leadership pattern of the principal can be said to be effective and able to please teachers and other employees? The type of research used in this article is a quantitative approach. The method in this study is interviews which will be analysed using descriptive analysis. The sample of this study 30 respondents from 49 teachers from SMA Negeri 1 Banyuasin III, the author used purposive sampling techniques with the researchers’ consideration of the samples. The data is a type of primary data with the distribution of questionnaires, then the data is analysed descriptively. The findings in this study are that effective and pleasant leadership of the principal can be seen from the performance of teachers and employees in the school and their positive feelings about what they do and experience. In the scientific field, writing this article will be a useful contribution in the field of education in order to improve the quality of education services, because it is directly with the achievement of teacher productivity as the heart of the success of achieving the vision and mission and goals of the school. The results of this study can also be taken into consideration for school principals, by paying attention to things that support the creation of effective and pleasant leadership in order to create a better performance system for an educator in carrying out their duties.

How do you feel during these hard times? A longitudinal study to examine the ebb and flow of academics’ affect during a COVID-19 lockdown

How do you feel during these hard times? A longitudinal study to examine the ebb and flow of academics’ affect during a COVID-19 lockdown

Adaptive Gaussian Wiener Filter for CT-Scan Images with Gaussian Noise Variance

Medical imaging plays an important role in modern healthcare, with Computed Tomography (CT) being essential for high-resolution cross-sectional imaging. However, Gaussian noise often occurs within the CT scan images and makes it difficult for image interpretation and reduces the diagnostic accuracy, creating a significant obstacle to fully utilizing CT scanning technology. Existing denoising techniques have a hard time balance between noise reduction and preserving the important image details, failing to enable the optimal diagnostic precision. This study introduces Adaptive Gaussian Wiener Filter (AGWF), a novel filter aims to denoise CT scan images that have been corrupted with various Gaussian noise variance without compromising the image details. The AGWF combines the Gaussian filter for initial noise reduction, followed by the implementation of Wiener filter, which can adaptively estimate noise variance and signal power in localized regions. This approach not only outperforms other existing techniques but also showcases a remarkable balance between noise reduction and image detail preservation. The experiment evaluates 300 images from the dataset and each image is corrupted with Gaussian noise variance to ensure a comprehensive evaluation of the AGWF’s performance. The evaluation indicated that AGWF can improve the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) value and reduce the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Square Error (MSE) value, showing a qualitative improvement in CT scan imagery. The proposed method holds promising potential for advancing medical imaging technology with the implementation of deep learning.

Digitization as an Adaptation and Resilience Measure for MSMEs amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: Lessons from the Food Service Industry for Collaborative Future Engagements

Restrictions and other stringent countermeasures due to the COVID-19 pandemic have wreaked havoc on many enterprises over the past few years. The effect on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is believed to be far-reaching. In most countries, the MSME sector provides the maximum number of jobs, and its resilience is core to the livelihood of that society; Japan is no exception to this. The food service industry was classified as an essential service during the pandemic, and advancements in technology and other digital innovations were seen as revolutionary to many enterprises to diversify their business models to reduce losses. This study reviews how MSMEs in the food service industry utilized technologies and innovations to adapt to the challenges and enhance their resilience. The paper reviews secondary datasets to discuss the perspectives of MSMEs and the impact of the pandemic, as well as utilizing Gotanda Eats as a case example in Japan to understand the method of digital adaption towards resilience. The Gotanda Eats platform was crucial for the survival of the five restaurants involved because it transformed their old business operations into the one that connects them to customers while observing infection prevention protocols. Despite the challenges that are visible in the delivery aspect of the platform, the operation shows that digitization and digital transformation are vital for MSMEs in times of crisis. The World Economic Forum 2021 report has focused on digital power concentration as a new risk, the current study shows that digitization in food-related MSMEs was a critical survival strategy. The study recommends that local authorities take a keen interest in supporting local businesses during hard times.

An increase in electrical burns during the covid lockdown in Western Cape, South Africa

BackgroundA severe Covid lockdown in South Africa may have changed burn patterns due to the downturn of the economy and stay-at-home policies. We describe the volume and type of burn admitted to a tertiary hospital before and during the Covid lockdown. Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective study from before (April 2019-March 2020) and during (April 2020-March 2021) the Covid pandemic. Patient demographics, burn etiology, and clinical outcomes were described. Logistic regression was used to model associations between burn etiology and the Covid period. ResultsOf 544 burns, 254 (46.7%) occurred before and 290 (53.3%, p = 0.051) during Covid. The proportion of electrical burns doubled during Covid n = 20, 32.3% vs n = 42, 67.7%, (p = 0.053) periods. At least half were associated with suspected cable or copper theft. On multivariate analysis, flame burns (OR=2.42, p < 0.001), electrical burns (OR=4.88, p < 0.001), and paying patients (OR=4.21, p < 0.001) were more likely to be associated with the Covid period. ConclusionElectrical burns doubled during Covid, potentially related to an increase in cable and copper wire theft, a phenomenon described during hard economic times in other settings. More studies to understand this potential relationship are indicated to prepare burn centers during future pandemics and/or economic hardship.

Improving the quality of pendawa chocolate bar with the addition of palm oil and coconut oil

Chocolate bars are a food that is in demand by almost all age groups, both men and women. Aside from being a healthy snack, chocolate products are included in the refreshing plant, which can stimulate the central nervous system. It creates a happy dopamine effect for those who consume it. The demand for chocolate bar products has increased every year. As one of the world’s largest cocoa-producing and supplying countries, Indonesia must evaluate the quality of its cocoa beans. This research uses fermented cocoa beans, which are then processed into cocoa butter cocoa paste, which is used to manufacture pendawa chocolate bars. Other ingredients include mustard oil, coconut oil, cocoa butter, cocoa paste, powdered sugar, powdered milk, baking soda, vanilla, and lecithin, which are added to the chocolate bar formulation. Color, total dissolved solids, hardness, and melting time of chocolate bars were analyzed. The formulation of ingredients with palm oil was better for improving the quality of the chocolate bars produced based on the level of hardness, total dissolved solids, and melting time. The best treatment in this research was the F5 formulation, namely the addition of coconut oil in making Pendawa chocolate bars with a melting time of close to 24 hours at room temperature.